Reported speech questions examples. Indirect She said the test was difficult.
Reported speech questions examples. This lesson will simplify it by starting with the right base- a snapshot revision of the pertinent tenses, without which confusion is bound to abound! Question words This type of question is reported by using 'ask' (or another verb like 'ask') + question word + clause. Indirect She said the test was difficult. Direct speech and reported speech Reported speech (also called indirect speech) gives the meaning of what someone said, not the exact words, while direct speech gives the exact words of the speaker, enclosed in quotation marks (or inverted commas. In this blog post, we will learn about the rules of transforming interrogative sentences from direct to indirect speech. Do you know how to tell someone what another person said using reporting verbs? Test what you know with interactive exercises and read the explanation to help you. One occurs in reported (indirect) speech --when one person tells what another person has said. Rules, verb use & more! Oct 30, 2024 · Learn the rules and intricacies of reported speech with our detailed guide. What are direct and indirect reported speech questions? Learn about reported speech rules, questions & grammar explanation to understand better. He said: "Where's my pen?" He asked where his pen was. Perfect for students and educators alike! Jul 25, 2025 · On this page, you’ll find engaging and practical reported question worksheets that guide students through common patterns, typical mistakes, and useful tips. How to transform direct statements, questions, commands and requests into reported speech. My new neighbor asked me: Question words This type of question is reported by using 'ask' (or another verb like 'ask') + question word + clause. Learn rules, structures, and examples to improve your grammar and communication. What is direct and reported speech. 4 Direct I bought a car. In this guide, we will break down the rules for reported speech, covering statements, questions, and requests, as well as important tense changes and examples to help you understand how to apply these rules effectively. Important issues about the word order. Reported speech explained with examples May 22, 2019 · 100 Examples of Direct and Indirect Speech in English, 100 Examples of reported speech in english; 1 Direct She says, “I am ill. If the direct question begins with a question word like how much, where, when, how, which, why, whose, what etc. Statements When transforming statements, check whether you Feb 1, 2025 · Reported speech is an integral part of English grammar, understanding the nuances of reported speech will help increase language proficiency. Oct 22, 2023 · Learn how to use Indirect Questions correctly in English Grammar with examples. For example: She said she was coming to class I told you earlier that I would not be able to come. Difference Between Direct and Indirect Questions Example 1: DIRECT – What day does the school reopen? INDIRECT – Do you know what day the school reopens? Note that the verb in indirect speech changes to plural in this type of In English grammar, we use reported speech to say what another person has said. ” Prefer to watch this lesson on video? Question words This type of question is reported by using 'ask' (or another verb like 'ask') + question word + clause. Many English language learners struggle with "reported speech. Includes tips, tricks, and past year papers. REPORTED SPEECH | INDIRECT SPEECH | DIRECT SPEECH Hi Everyone,In today’s lesson, let’s look at REPORTED SPEECH (aka INDIRECT SPEECH) in detail. Every time we use reported speech in English, we are talking about something said by someone else in the past. Jun 11, 2021 · The reported speech reproduces the words of another person by adapting certain temporal and local references of the original speech to the situation of the speaker, for example, personal pronouns, demonstratives, verb tenses, and adverbs of place or time. But there is pronoun change and backshift. This pattern is followed when we report questions and there are also other important changes between direct questions and reported questions. Master reported speech in English with this easy guide. Dive into this comprehensive guide on Reported Speech, crafted exclusively for high school students. Examples, practice questions Watch the video, read the lesson, and do the exercises: In English, there are two different ways to say what someone else said: direct speech and reported speech. At the explanations tab, we listed several reported speech & indirect speech examples and sentences with rules, formula, form and structure. In reported speech, we change the tense and pronouns to show that some time has passed. It’s essential to know how to convert direct speech into reported speech correctly. Both direct speech and reported speech forms of the same sentences to practice-- Try converting from direct to indirect speech. We’ll look at Mar 18, 2025 · Improve your English with our Reported Speech Worksheet. Let's learn rules for changing the verb tense, as well as exceptions - plus quizzes! 🧐 What are reported questions, commands, requests and suggestions? Definitions with a great variety of examples. For example, if someone says, “I am feeling tired,” you can report it as “She said that she was feeling tired. They asked us whether we wanted lunch. Reported speech exercises for class 9 are essential for mastering English grammar. Direct speech means to say exactly what someone else said by using quotation marks around their words. Dec 21, 2024 · Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, In this article, we’ll explore the fascinating world of reported speech with engaging examples and vivid pictures that bring each scenario to life. Reporting wh-questions, yes/no questions. Jan 18, 2022 · Reported Speech Questions! Learn how to form Reported Questions in English with useful grammar rules and example sentences. Perfect for exams and Master reported speech with these 100 examples! Dive in to practice, learn key rules, and enhance your English fluency today! Apr 10, 2025 · 🌟 Unlock the Power of Questions in Reported Speech! 🌟 Are you ready to take your English skills to the next level? Join us as we dive into the fascinating world of reported speech! 🤔 Learn how to transform direct questions into reported ones with ease, and master the nuances of this essential grammar concept. The clause contains the question, in normal word order and with the necessary tense change. The meaning is the same. Mar 25, 2025 · Are you struggling with converting direct speech to indirect? Know all about the reported speech here- definition, rules, tips, and examples from our experts. You will find sections that explain what reporting verbs are, a comprehensive list of reporting verbs with examples, and illustrative images to support your learning. This document provides examples of how to change direct speech into reported speech. Another example: Direct speech: Where is Julie? Reported speech: She asked me where Julie was. Since reported speech questions form an important component of competitive exams it’s advisable to practice as many questions as you can, on this topic: Jul 16, 2025 · Learn how to form reported questions in English with essential grammar rules and useful example sentences. From simple statements to complex dialogues, understanding how to navigate this linguistic landscape can elevate your language skills and enrich your storytelling abilities. En la frase, se cambian las palabras y el tiempo verbal para reflejar la idea original de la pregunta sin citarla textualmente. Practise the uses and rules for making polite and formal enquiries. So, we need to change them back before putting the verb into the past simple. Discussion and examples. Mit sofortiger Auswertung und individuellen Erklärungen. There are some changes to the verbs with reported speech; read the table Jan 6, 2025 · Get to know about Reported Speech Interrogative: Rules, Examples & Exercise, Reported Speech Interrogative Exercise for Practise, and more! Reported Speech Class 10 – Rules, Examples & Exercises Reported Speech , also know a Indirect Speech , be an important topic in CBSE Class 10 grammar . Practice your English grammar, conversation skills, and fluency with 100 examples of direct and indirect speech! Just read through and repeat all of them to become comfortable with the structures, and see the patterns in the sentences. Test your mastery of reported questions with this engaging quiz featuring 10 multiple-choice questions. Direct speech and reported speech fully explained: all the rules and details, full with examples and illustrations. Mind the word order: subject – verb 1. There are two types of indirect questions. May 13, 2025 · Master direct and reported (indirect) speech with rules and examples. Learn the difference between reported speech and direct speech, and how to use each correctly in your writing with clear examples. You will also learn the different rules to be followed to convert different types of sentences from direct speech to Aug 15, 2024 · Yes/No questions are questions that can be answered with a simple yes or (no. In this blog article, you will explore the different types of reported speech based on the types of sentences in English grammar. If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Convert the direct Yes/No questions into indirect speech statements (reported speech). How to transform question sentences from direct to indirect speech. Reported or indirect questions in English Reported questions and verb tenses in English While expressing reported statements in English is relatively easy to master, putting direct questions into reported speech can often cause problems for the learner. Other forms are, for example: questions-within-questions: Can you tell me if they are expensive? mental processes: He believes that politics is a dirty game. Master direct and indirect speech for exams and everyday use. Known as reported or indirect questions, this construct allows speakers and writers to relay queries posed by others without resorting to direct quotations. Mastering Reported Speech English: Clear Rules and Examples Learning to master reported speech in English is essential for effective communication, particularly when conveying information that someone else has said. Let ’ s explore all the grammar rule , example , and exercise you need to ace this topic . Reported question-word questions We introduce reported question-word questions with ask + question word: Dec 20, 2024 · Class 9 English Grammar Reported Speech Exercises for Class 9 with Answers (Direct and Indirect Speech Exercises) Reported Speech – Reported speech refers to recording the speaker’s speech, whether it is done directly by recording the speaker’s words or indirectly by recording the speaker’s words but changing them. Reported Speech - Questions :: Learn English online - free exercises, explanations, games, teaching materials and plenty of information on English language. We call them reported speech. Master reported speech through a variety of exercises for accurate and effective communication. Direct and Indirect speech with rules and examples In English, to report someone's words or their own words, you can use direct or indirect speech. Clear and simple explanation of meaning and use, with examples. ” In reported speech, we often change pronouns, verb tenses, and time words to fit the Learn how to use different kinds of reporting verbs, and do the exercises to practise using them. In Reported speech the question becomes a statement. One of the English grammar concepts that almost all of us would have studied in our junior classes is reported speech. Reported speech: indirect speech - English Grammar Today - a reference to written and spoken English grammar and usage - Cambridge Dictionary This lesson is about reported speech in English - it will help you to tell, explain and say what someone else said & help you speak clearly and accurately in English. Nov 15, 2023 · Direct speech questions starting with question words ('what', 'where', etc. , we repeat the same question word in the indirect speech. Yes/no questions reporting clause + if/whether-clause (with no inversion) When reporting a yes/no question, we use if or whether: - Reported questions are a way to express that a question was asked, without providing a direct quotation of the question. For example, "What is your name?", "Where do you live?", "How old are you?". It help student report what someone say without quote their exact word . Example: She said, “I work in Paris. Feb 8, 2025 · What’s the Difference Between Direct and Reported Speech? Direct Speech: Exact words spoken, often enclosed in quotation marks. " Let's learn how to form reported requests, orders, and questions. Understand how to convert direct speech into indirect speech, master tense changes, and explore examples of reported questions, commands, and modal verbs. Learn how to transform direct into indirect speech. These questions based on true or false on direct and indirect speech will help you understand and memorize all rules related to conversion of direct speech into indirect speech. By practicing changing quotes into reported speech, you’ll learn the rules and improve your ability to tell the difference between direct and indirect speech. Do you know how to report a question that somebody asked? Test what you know with interactive exercises and read the explanation to help you. They're called indirect questions. Whether you are a student, a professional, or a language enthusiast, understanding how to use reported speech correctly can greatly enhance your fluency and comprehension. Dec 4, 2024 · Learn about how to report questions in English grammar. That’s not all, we will also be looking at other things to boost our English with today, including indirect speech questions + more! Let’s begin! Feb 25, 2025 · Use the exercises and examples of English reported speech in this guide to master reported speech and learn the ins and outs of direct and indirect speech. Dec 6, 2024 · When do we use reported speech in daily life? We use reported speech (also known as indirect speech) when we need to tell someone what another person said - but without using their exact words. Indirect Speech / Reported Speech Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word. It shows how yes/no questions and wh- questions are changed by using reporting verbs like "asked" and removing quotation marks. For example, "Where are you going?" These reported speech exercises are presented in questions test format with answers by Grammar teachers. Learn how to use clauses in reported speech, plus Udemy’s best-selling English Course for more! Dec 4, 2024 · Learn about Reported Speech in English grammar. Jul 16, 2025 · Learn about reported speech in English language: what it is, examples, rules, verb tense changes, modal verbs, time/place changes, and reporting verbs. Includes clear rules, examples, and links to interactive exercises. Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, is a way to share what someone said without using their exact words. Improve your skills in maintaining accurate tense, pronoun, and modal usage. Learn more with these English exercises. If you want to know, understand and learn more about reported speech questions, then you must see the following examples list. To describe what people said there are two types of speech – direct speech and indirect (or reported) speech. When we turn direct questions into indirect speech, the following changes are necessary: tenses, pronouns and possessive adjectives, and adverbs of time and place change as in statements. A direct question is the exact quotation of what someone asked. Jan 13, 2025 · Learn Reported Speech for CBSE Class 10 with this comprehensive guide. Backshifting of tenses in reported speech and time expressions. What is a Reporting Verb? Reporting Verbs – Created by 7ESL Direct speech is For example: She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations. Nov 18, 2024 · Explore comprehensive English grammar rules for reported speech, enhancing ESL learners' communication skills through practical examples and detailed guidance. Strengthen your understanding of When talking about questions in reported speech, the changes of tense remain the same as above. Examples: “We will be arriving at 2:00,” the pilot s Mar 21, 2025 · Understanding Direct and Indirect Speech Rules for conversion is crucial for effective communication. You Oct 29, 2024 · Reported questions are an essential aspect of grammar that allows us to convey inquiries made by others in indirect speech. With clear examples and practical tips, it’s an ideal resource for students, ESL learners, and exam preparation. There are other English question forms that follow different rules, however. We usually introduce reported questions with the verb "ask": He asked (me) if / whether (YES/NO questions) Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, is a way of communicating what someone else has said without quoting their exact words. Indirect speech/reported speech involves paraphrasing with slightly different words, so it doesn’t have quotation marks. Reported Questions When we report what people say, we usually change the tense of the verbs to reflect that we are reporting – not giving direct speech. It is helpful when we want to repeat someone’s message in our own words. This is called inversion, and it is used to make direct questions in many verb tenses in English, but we don't use inversion in indirect questions. The introductory sentence in Reported Mar 23, 2019 · Are you having trouble understanding the difference between direct and indirect speech? Direct speech is when you quote someone's exact words, while indirect Jan 19, 2025 · Learn the difference between direct and indirect speech in English grammar with clear explanations, examples, and easy-to-follow rules. Each example comes with detailed, step-by-step guides to help you convert between direct and indirect speech. The direct question is the present simple of 'be'. The structure of indirect speech depends on whether it is a statement, a question, a command or request, a suggestion, advice, or a promise. 2 Direct I will study”, Mary said. May 1, 2025 · This lesson focuses on developing reported speech grammar and communicative skills for English students including a worksheet for conjugation changes. They help students learn how to change direct speech into indirect speech, which is vital for CBSE exams, creative writing, and even everyday conversations. Convert the direct WH-Questions to indirect speech statements (reported speech). Indirect I will study”, said Mary. ” Indirect She says that she is ill. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. When reporting speech the tense usually changes. Jun 12, 2017 · Are you looking for ways to practice reported speech with your English learners? Try these tasks with our audio files and transcripts. Jan 14, 2025 · Exercises on Reported Speech Rules: This post gives an exercise on true or false questions on reported speech. En inglés, «Reported speech questions» es cuando alguien quiere hacer una pregunta de manera indirecta en vez de preguntar directamente. Talkpal Jan 14, 2020 · What is an indirect question? A sentence that reports a question and ends with a period rather than a question mark. Learn key differences and common mistakes to avoid. Reported questions are one form of reported speech. Learn all about reported speech in English with Lingolia, then test your knowledge in the interactive exercises. When there is a question, use the question word (who, what, when, where, why, how) without any auxiliary verbs. Do you know how to report what somebody else said? Test what you know with interactive exercises and read the explanation to help you. Dec 3, 2024 · Here we have provided a list of reported speech questions for you to practice. Learn with Udemy’s best-selling English Course by Professor Scott Mendoza! 🧐 What is direct and indirect speech? Definitions and examples. Difference between Direct and Reported Questions Before we dive into the tutorial, it's vital to understand the difference between direct and reported questions. 📚 What to expect: Clear explanations and examples Engaging practice An indirect question is a question embedded inside another sentence. Example: She said she worked in Paris. 3 Direct She said; “The exam is difficult. Thinking about it brings me back to high school, when reported speech was the main form of language! Learn all about the definition, rules, and examples of reported speech as I go over everything. This is very similar to the grammar of reported questions. What is reported speech? “Reported speech” is when we talk about what somebody else said – for example: Direct Speech: “I’ve been to London three times. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a statement, question or request. This updated guide explains the key rules, including how to choose the right reporting verbs, handle tense changes, and accurately convert speech. Find out how to report yes/no questions, Wh- questions, and question words in reported speech. ” Reported Speech: She said she’d been to London three times. Three things Aug 30, 2023 · Here’s an exploration of how different types of questions change in reported speech, accompanied by examples: Yes/No Questions: In reported speech, yes/no questions are transformed into indirect questions that do not require a yes/no answer. 2. For example, if your friend said, “ I am going to the store,” in reported speech, you might convey this as, “ My friend said he was going to the store. In contrast, reported questions involve a sort of 'translation' in order to fit into another Dec 5, 2024 · 50 examples of direct and indirect speech interrogative sentences: Effective communication involves both understanding and the ability to convey questions clearly and coherently. ‘said to’ of direct speech changes to ‘asked’, ‘questioned’, or ‘inquired’ in Indirect speech. For example: She said she was coming to class. Grammar - Parts of Speech and Sentence Structure - Sentence Structure - Forms of Sentences - Indirect Speech - Indirect Questions (if, whether): Descriptive examples, helpful explanations and varied exercises for immediate application - Learning English Online Uses of Questions in direct and indirect speech. When we report questions, there is no inversion of the subject and auxiliary in the reported clause (the word order is the same as in statements) and we do not use a question mark. These may include statements, questions, orders, advice Reported speech is called "indirect speech" by some people. My new neighbor, David asked me: Reported speech: indirect speech - English Grammar Today - a reference to written and spoken English grammar and usage - Cambridge Dictionary Master reported speech! Clear explanations, examples & interactive exercises. However, we use indirect questions in a different way from reported questions. This technique is essential for clear and May 22, 2024 · Many learners dread the reported speech because they see it as a gamut of grammar rules, one more confusing than the other. Master clause structure in reported speech with key grammar rules, examples, and tips. Mar 21, 2025 · We often use direct and indirect speech to clearly convey what someone said or to summarize information. Lesson Plan: Reported Sp… Indirect Questions (#1) "Normal" yes / no and information ("Wh'") questions follow the word-order rules presented in recent Hints. Backshifting. My new neighbor, David asked me: So, how should you report speech in English? What are the grammar rules that dictate these indirect speech patterns? Finally, what are some examples of reported speech? We will answer all of these questions and more, but first, let’s take a look at exactly what is meant by “reported speech. Based on Wren and Martin’s iconic grammar book, this tutorial covers everything from statements and questions to commands and exclamations. Other people regard reported speech simply as one form of indirect speech. Explore these extensive examples to support and enhance your learning experience. Reported Questions In the rich tapestry of English communication, accurately reporting questions is akin to an art form, blending grammatical precision with the nuanced retelling of conversations. In this article, we will delve into 50 unique examples of reported speech, showcasing Note that in the above example the reported question has no auxiliary "do". Learn how to convert direct speech into reported speech effectively. Note that we sometimes use "whether" instead of "if". Understanding Direct Question and Indirect Question in English is essential for effective communication, especially in formal situations. Thank you for your question about reported speech, which is an area of grammar that often causes problems for students. Find out how to handle questions in reported speech in this handy reference! Master reported questions to improve your English. Watch This Video To Learn Reported Speech In English | Direct and Indirect Speech In English Grammar With Examples | Narration Changes/Rules - Chetna Vasisht Jul 16, 2025 · In this article, you will learn about reporting verbs in English, how they are used in indirect speech, important grammar rules, and helpful examples. A statement with an indirect question does not end with a question mark. Master tense shifts, pronouns, and punctuation with Udemy’s best-selling English Course. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. Jul 16, 2025 · Learn about reported commands and requests in English with examples, rules, and an illustrative picture. Master reported speech in English with this quick-reference guide. In indirect speech, we report somebody else's speech but do not use the exact words the speaker used. It enables us to convey the words, thoughts, and opinions of others without quoting them verbatim. Englisch lernen mit Einsetzübungen aus dem Themenbereich Reported Speech - Questions. Reported Questions When you are changing a question from direct speech into indirect speech, you follow the same kinds of rules as for statements. This article explains the meaning of indirect questions, how to write them, and some sentence examples. We can use - asked, inquired, wanted to know and wondered instead of said in indirect question. Guide to English grammar rules for Advanced level. Reported speech is a crucial aspect of English grammar, allowing us to convey what someone else has said without quoting their exact words. May 24, 2022 · Review reported speech with examples, practice questions and grammar notes in this PDF guide! Hello Nuria. Practising reported speech boosts accuracy in both written and spoken English. Dec 19, 2024 · Here’s a detailed lesson plan for teaching reported speech, designed to help students understand its use, structure, and practical application in conversations and writing. May 11, 2024 · Direct and indirect speech questions, commonly known as reported speech questions, are pivotal in facilitating effective communication. Having a clear understanding of reported speech helps students use sentences correctly. Mastery of direct and indirect speech concepts is crucial, particularly when forming questions, to ensure clarity and precision in communication. Master the rules, practice with examples, and tackle CBSE exam questions confidently. Indirect questions are a way of being polite. This interactive exercise is crafted to help you practice forming and understanding reported questions in English. " or "Today's lesson is on presentations", she said. Dec 11, 2024 · 100 Examples of Direct and Indirect Speech: Do you tend to quote exactly what you listen to, or do you prefer to convey the message instead of quoting word-for-word what you listen to? In any case, both actions are examples of Direct and Indirect speech exercises in practicality. ” Reported Speech: Retelling what someone said, adjusting the grammar to match the context. We make the question form of the present simple of be by inverting (changing the position of)the subject and verb. This guide covers the key concepts, rules, and examples to help you communicate effectively in both written and spoken English. Reported speech is used when we want to convey what someone else has said to us or to another person. "Yes" or "no" questions are usually reported with "if" or "whether" (for example, "I asked if he likes coffee"). Direct questions, like “Where do you live?”, are straightforward, while indirect questions, such as “Can you tell me where you live?”, sound more polite and formal. Clear explanation with examples: Reported Questions, Be Used To, British & American English. Examples are given for changing questions about time, place, reason and reported requests into the past tense. So grab a cup of tea and Mar 21, 2025 · Deepen your understanding with 100+ Direct and Indirect Speech Examples with Answers. Improve your knowledge with over 200 exercises and answers focused on Direct and Indirect Speech. Mastering reported speech can enhance your writing and speaking skills, helping you communicate more effectively. Learn how to use reported speech in English to report commands, requests, suggestions, and more. Oct 15, 2023 · Note that we sometimes use “whether” instead of “if”. Indirect He said he bought a car. "Whether" is a little more formal and more usual in writing: They asked us if we wanted lunch. She said: "Are you cold?" She asked me if I was cold. And at the worksheet tab, you can download these exercises as pdf or word files for free. We often use “reported speech” when talking about a conversation that happened in the past. Dec 10, 2024 · When do we use reported speech in daily life? We use reported speech (also known as indirect speech) when we need to tell someone what another person said - but without using their exact words. It’s like you are making a report about what someone said, but you are paraphrasing the content. Reported question-word questions We introduce reported question Jun 16, 2025 · Direct speech and indirect speech/reported speech are the two ways to tell someone what another person said. ) are reported as statements using the same question words. 5 So, how should you report speech in English? What are the grammar rules that dictate these indirect speech patterns? Finally, what are some examples of reported speech? We will answer all of these questions and more, but first, let’s take a look at exactly what is meant by “reported speech. Direct speech repeats the same words in the same order in quotation marks. Reported Questions If you use a question in Reported Speech, follow the steps described on our page Reported Speech – Summary (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, shifting of expressions of time/place). HyperWrite's Reported Speech and Indirect Quotations Study Guide is your comprehensive resource for understanding and correctly using reported speech and indirect quotations in English. With reported speech, we do not use quotation marks. Learn reported speech in English grammar with clear rules, conversion steps, solved examples, and practice exercises. This article provides reported speech exercises for class 10 students. Practice reported speech with this helpful reference for English learners! Learn reported speech grammar and improve your language skills. Master converting direct speech into reported speech correctly. Your question refers to the way we report questions, so I will . As a result, you get a much better idea about reported speech questions. Sep 25, 2023 · Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, is a fundamental aspect of the English language. The word order of an indirect question is the same as for a statement, not a question. Learn how to transform direct speech into indirect effortlessly with simple rules, day-to-day examples, and practice exercises. In indirect speech, these questions require a specific format change, typically involving the use of the conjunctions if or whether. However, the words “say/said” or “tell/told” become “asked” in indirect speech. May 17, 2025 · When speaking or writing, reported speech allows you to convey what someone else has said. We use "reported speech" to talk about what someone said. “Whether” is a little more formal and more usual in writing: They asked us if we wanted lunch. This linguistic technique finds applications in various contexts, from everyday conversations to formal writing. ggxo cdgqe dfejxp cbaj mydxp eodl qwcywgx ivmsh eeqf bjdfo